探索未知环境是许多域中的基本任务，例如机器人导航，网络安全和互联网搜索。我们通过添加对机器学习的预测的访问来启动古典卓越的在线图探索问题的学习增强变体。我们提出了一种自然地将预测集成到众所周知的最近邻居（NN）算法中的算法，并且如果预测具有高精度，则在预测时保持良好的保证的情况下显着优于任何已知的在线算法。我们提供了理论上的最坏情况界，以预测误差优雅地降低，我们通过确认我们的结果的计算实验来补充它们。此外，我们将我们的概念扩展到稳定算法的一般框架。通过在给定的算法和NN之间仔细插值，我们证明了新的性能界限，这些界限在特定输入上利用各个良好的性能，同时建立了任意输入的鲁棒性。

我们在学习增强的设置中研究基本的在线K-Server问题。虽然在传统的在线模型中，算法没有关于请求序列的信息，我们假设在算法的决定上给出了一些建议（例如机器学习预测）。但是，没有保证预测的质量，可能远非正确。我们的主要结果是线路上的K-Server众所周知的双覆盖算法的学习变化（Chrobak等，Sidma 1991），我们将预测整合在一起，以及我们对其质量的信任。我们给出了错误依赖性的竞争比率，这是用户定义的置信度参数的函数，并且在最佳一致性之间平滑地插值，在所有预测是正确的情况下的性能，以及无论预测如何，都是最佳的鲁棒性质量。当给定良好的预测时，我们在没有建议的情况下改善在线算法的下限。我们进一步表明，我们的算法在一类关于局部和记忆属性的确定性算法中实现了任何K几乎最佳的一致性 - 鲁棒性权衡。我们的算法优于先前提出的（更通用的）学习增强算法。上一算法非常重要，这是至关重要的存储器，而我们的算法无记忆。最后，我们展示了实验性的实用性和算法在真实数据上的卓越性能。

We address the problem of unsupervised domain adaptation when the source domain differs from the target domain because of a shift in the distribution of a latent subgroup. When this subgroup confounds all observed data, neither covariate shift nor label shift assumptions apply. We show that the optimal target predictor can be non-parametrically identified with the help of concept and proxy variables available only in the source domain, and unlabeled data from the target. The identification results are constructive, immediately suggesting an algorithm for estimating the optimal predictor in the target. For continuous observations, when this algorithm becomes impractical, we propose a latent variable model specific to the data generation process at hand. We show how the approach degrades as the size of the shift changes, and verify that it outperforms both covariate and label shift adjustment.

Modal verbs (e.g., "can", "should", or "must") occur highly frequently in scientific articles. Decoding their function is not straightforward: they are often used for hedging, but they may also denote abilities and restrictions. Understanding their meaning is important for various NLP tasks such as writing assistance or accurate information extraction from scientific text. To foster research on the usage of modals in this genre, we introduce the MIST (Modals In Scientific Text) dataset, which contains 3737 modal instances in five scientific domains annotated for their semantic, pragmatic, or rhetorical function. We systematically evaluate a set of competitive neural architectures on MIST. Transfer experiments reveal that leveraging non-scientific data is of limited benefit for modeling the distinctions in MIST. Our corpus analysis provides evidence that scientific communities differ in their usage of modal verbs, yet, classifiers trained on scientific data generalize to some extent to unseen scientific domains.

Human operators in human-robot teams are commonly perceived to be critical for mission success. To explore the direct and perceived impact of operator input on task success and team performance, 16 real-world missions (10 hrs) were conducted based on the DARPA Subterranean Challenge. These missions were to deploy a heterogeneous team of robots for a search task to locate and identify artifacts such as climbing rope, drills and mannequins representing human survivors. Two conditions were evaluated: human operators that could control the robot team with state-of-the-art autonomy (Human-Robot Team) compared to autonomous missions without human operator input (Robot-Autonomy). Human-Robot Teams were often in directed autonomy mode (70% of mission time), found more items, traversed more distance, covered more unique ground, and had a higher time between safety-related events. Human-Robot Teams were faster at finding the first artifact, but slower to respond to information from the robot team. In routine conditions, scores were comparable for artifacts, distance, and coverage. Reasons for intervention included creating waypoints to prioritise high-yield areas, and to navigate through error-prone spaces. After observing robot autonomy, operators reported increases in robot competency and trust, but that robot behaviour was not always transparent and understandable, even after high mission performance.

Advancements in reinforcement learning (RL) have inspired new directions in intelligent automation of network defense. However, many of these advancements have either outpaced their application to network security or have not considered the challenges associated with implementing them in the real-world. To understand these problems, this work evaluates several RL approaches implemented in the second edition of the CAGE Challenge, a public competition to build an autonomous network defender agent in a high-fidelity network simulator. Our approaches all build on the Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) family of algorithms, and include hierarchical RL, action masking, custom training, and ensemble RL. We find that the ensemble RL technique performs strongest, outperforming our other models and taking second place in the competition. To understand applicability to real environments we evaluate each method's ability to generalize to unseen networks and against an unknown attack strategy. In unseen environments, all of our approaches perform worse, with degradation varied based on the type of environmental change. Against an unknown attacker strategy, we found that our models had reduced overall performance even though the new strategy was less efficient than the ones our models trained on. Together, these results highlight promising research directions for autonomous network defense in the real world.

Artificial intelligence methods including deep neural networks (DNN) can provide rapid molecular classification of tumors from routine histology with accuracy that matches or exceeds human pathologists. Discerning how neural networks make their predictions remains a significant challenge, but explainability tools help provide insights into what models have learned when corresponding histologic features are poorly defined. Here, we present a method for improving explainability of DNN models using synthetic histology generated by a conditional generative adversarial network (cGAN). We show that cGANs generate high-quality synthetic histology images that can be leveraged for explaining DNN models trained to classify molecularly-subtyped tumors, exposing histologic features associated with molecular state. Fine-tuning synthetic histology through class and layer blending illustrates nuanced morphologic differences between tumor subtypes. Finally, we demonstrate the use of synthetic histology for augmenting pathologist-in-training education, showing that these intuitive visualizations can reinforce and improve understanding of histologic manifestations of tumor biology.

适当的评估和实验设计对于经验科学是基础，尤其是在数据驱动领域。例如，由于语言的计算建模成功，研究成果对最终用户产生了越来越直接的影响。随着最终用户采用差距的减少，需求增加了，以确保研究社区和从业者开发的工具和模型可靠，可信赖，并且支持用户的目标。在该立场论文中，我们专注于评估视觉文本分析方法的问题。我们从可视化和自然语言处理社区中采用跨学科的角度，因为我们认为，视觉文本分析的设计和验证包括超越计算或视觉/交互方法的问题。我们确定了四个关键的挑战群，用于评估视觉文本分析方法（数据歧义，实验设计，用户信任和“大局”问题），并从跨学科的角度为研究机会提供建议。

对制造工艺的机器化的需求很大，因此单调劳动。一些需要特定技能的制造任务（焊接，绘画等）缺乏工人。机器人已在这些任务中使用，但是它们的灵活性受到限制，因为它们仍然很难通过非专家编程/重新编程，从而使它们无法访问大多数公司。机器人离线编程（OLP）是可靠的。但是，直接来自CAD/CAM的生成路径不包括代表人类技能的相关参数，例如机器人最终效应器的方向和速度。本文提出了一个直观的机器人编程系统，以捕捉人类制造技能并将其转变为机器人程序。使用连接到工作工具的磁跟踪系统记录人类熟练工人的演示。收集的数据包括工作路径的方向和速度。位置数据是从CAD/CAM中提取的，因为磁跟踪器捕获时的误差很明显。路径姿势在笛卡尔空间中转换，并在模拟环境中进行验证。生成机器人程序并将其转移到真正的机器人。关于玻璃粘合剂应用过程的实验证明了拟议框架捕获人类技能并将其转移到机器人方面的使用和有效性的直觉。

机器学习应用在我们的社会中变得越来越普遍。由于这些决策系统依赖于数据驱动的学习，因此风险是它们会系统地传播嵌入数据中的偏见。在本文中，我们建议通过引入一个框架来生成具有特定类型偏差及其组合的综合数据的框架来分析偏见。我们深入研究了这些偏见的性质，讨论了它们与道德和正义框架的关系。最后，我们利用我们提出的合成数据生成器在不同的情况下进行不同的偏置组合进行实验。因此，我们分析了偏见对未经降低和缓解机器学习模型的性能和公平度量的影响。